Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been frequently used in cancer therapy and found to result in immune-related adverse effects due to nonspecific immune activation. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been proposed as a strategy to improve tumor targeting and reduce systemic toxicity; however, their safety and immunotoxicity profiles have not been comprehensively synthesized. Method: This study adopted a systematic review design following PRISMA guidelines. The two databases of PubMed and Scopus were searched for articles published from 2015 onward concerning the application of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 inhibitors in solid tumors. Inclusion criteria were applied for studies on preclinical and early-phase clinical studies reporting safety, toxicity, or immune-related outcomes. Data on nanoparticle platforms, safety parameters, and methodological quality were extracted and bias risks were assessed against the SYRCLE tool. Results: Among the twenty-four studies meeting the inclusion criteria, the majority reported preclinical animal studies. Polymeric nanoparticles were the most commonly investigated platforms, followed by lipid-based, inorganic, albumin-based, and gene-delivery systems. Most studies reported stable body weight, preserved organ histology, and largely normal serum biochemical profiles. Cytokine analyses most commonly reported changes in IFN-γ, TNF-α, and, less frequently, IL-6, suggesting that nanoparticle-mediated ICI delivery may induce immune activation while only limited evidence of acute systemic inflammatory toxicity was observed in the included short-term studies. Risk of bias assessment revealed adequate randomization and outcome reporting but frequent uncertainty in blinding and housing procedures. Conclusion: Nanoparticle-mediated therapies demonstrate encouraging short-term safety profiles. However, long-term immunotoxicity, nanoparticle persistence, and clinical translation remained insufficiently addressed, suggesting the need for standardized safety reporting and expanded clinical evaluation.

In this paper we look at the Gröbner fan of a nonzero proper ideal in a polynomial ring. We give a concrete description of the restricted Gröbner fan of the ideal with respect to a tuple of terms and show how to compute it. Moreover, under a certain condition, we provide the connection between the restricted Gröbner fan of an ideal and the Gröbner fan of the corresponding elimination module.

In this paper, we present for the first time a new photonic crystal fiber with a flower-shaped hollow core of six smaller petals arranged in a circular fashion, infiltrated with chloroform. In addition, the air hole's size of the first layer is set to be smaller than that of the others in the cladding. This efficient design dramatically improves the dispersion properties of the fibers. Two near-zero ultra-flat dispersions with small fluctuations are obtained, values of ±0.996 ps/nm.km in the wavelength region of 1439 nm − 1698 nm, and ±1.159 ps/nm.km in the wavelength region of 569 nm − 1861 nm, respectively. These PCFs are new layers of fibers, replacing the previous glass-core fibers, suitable for small-power supercontinuum generation applications.

In this work, the physical layer security of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system is investigated in the presence of an eavesdropper (Eve). The goal is to maximize the secrecy rate while satisfying the harvested energy threshold at the power-splitting (PS) receiver. By optimizing the phase shifts at the IRS, the signal is enhanced at the receiver while reduced at Eve. The solution approach via the penalty function technique and adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed and performed through numerical experiments. Eventually, the impacts of system factors such as transmission power and energy harvesting threshold on the convergent behavior and the secrecy rate are presented, and the future direction is discussed.

The lattice defects, including differences in air hole size and distance between air holes, have contributed significantly to optimizing the dispersion properties of square lattice photonic crystal fibers with the infiltration of carbon tetrachloride. Through numerical simulation, we have investigated the effective refractive index and dispersion according to the change of lattice parameters. The ultraflat, all-normal dispersion with ΔD = ±0.98 ps/nm.km in the wavelength region of 1.394 μm - 1.734 μm is achieved. Four optical fibers with flat dispersion and small value at the pump wavelengths are proposed as low-power laser sources for studies on supercontinuum generation.

Determining protein-protein interactions plays an important role in understanding the structure and biological function of cells. Accurate prediction of interactions remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a method that combine the Hilbert transform on evolutionary information for the feature extraction step and the Deep Forest classification model for the prediction step. The use of Hilbert transformation aims to enhance the evolutionary information stored in the protein sequence. Additionally, Deep Forest, a powerful ensemble classification model, is used to improve prediction performance. The proposed method is evaluated on the benchmark Yeast dataset and compared with other existing methods. The results show that our method is highly effective in predicting PPI. The datasets and source code of the method are provided at https://github.com/thnhanhub/FeatPSSM.git

Nitrofurantoin (NFR), a nitrofuran antibiotic, requires strict monitoring because of its potential health risks. In this study, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) coupled with a portable Metrohm Dropsens µStat400 device was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of NFR and to develop a rapid method for its determination. The SPE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, showing an electroactive surface area (ESCA) of 0,1005 ± 0,0003 cm² and a low charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of 15,02 Ω, indicating favorable electron transfer at the electrode surface. The peak current of NFR at the SPE in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH = 2) was 36,55 ± 0,79 µA, and 3,6 times higher than that at a glassy carbon electrode. A square-wave voltammetric method was established with two linear ranges of 0 – 4 µM and 4 – 40 µM.  The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0,23 µM and 0,79 µM, respectively. The method was successfully applied to commercial pharmaceutical samples, yielding 96,0 – 104,9 % of the labeled content.

Pesticide residue in soil is a major concern for the scientific community and environmental managers. This study aims to figure out how temperature affects the degradation rate of fipronil in soil under laboratory experiment. Experimental systems were designed according to EFSA guidelines (European Food Safety Authority). Three tested temperature included: 30oC, 40oC and 50oC. Dissipation models of fipronil were identified, which followed pseudo first-order kinetics with R2 > 0.7. Half-life times of fipronil in soil at 30oC, 40oC and 50oC were 26.3, 17.9, and 2.3 days, respectively. These results demonstrated the significant influence of temperature on the degradation process. Degradation kinetics of pesticides in soil plays a crucial role in assessing their life cycle in the natural environment, determining their chemical degradation potential, supporting risk forcasting, safe use guidance, and the development of appropriate management policies.

In this paper, Neutron scattering on a neutron-rich nucleus is investigated within a single-channel framework, with the continuum structure illustrated for ²⁴O. Poles of the scattering matrix are identified from the zeros of the Jost function. The T-matrix and the level density for both bound and continuum states are computed. Dominant resonance positions and peaks of the continuum level density (CLD) are found and shown to track the structures observed on the complex energy and momentum planes. These results are proposed as a benchmark and as a basis on which resonance contributions can be separated and multichannel extensions coupled to Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov can be developed in future work.

In this study, AgCl/ZnMn2O4 nanomaterials were successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method combined with a chemical method. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms. The results indicate that the AgCl/ZnMn2O4 nanomaterials contain well-crystallized AgCl and ZnMn2O4 phases, with a specific surface area of 30.23 m²·g⁻¹ and nanoparticle sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm. The synthesized material was applied as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4 to produce 4-aminophenol. The reduction kinetics of 4-NP by NaBH4 follow a first-order kinetic model, with the rate constant k increasing with temperature, and the activation energy of the reaction determined to be 65.79 kJ.mol⁻¹.

Indole-5-carboxylic acid and 1-benzothiophene-5-carboxylic acid are two selected compounds to evaluate the steel corrosion inhibition ability. Their quantum chemical parameters including highest occupied molecular orbital energy, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, energy gap, chemical hardness, softness, and transferred electrons number between the inhibitor molecule and iron surface are calculated at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The results show that ICA is a better corrosion inhibitor than BTA. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation reveals the adsorption configurations of the protonated inhibitors on the Fe(110) surface. The binding energies of pICA and pBTA on the iron surface are calculated to be 574.08 and 572.97 kJ/mol, respectively. These results confirm the better iron surface protection ability of ICA compared with BTA in the acidic medium.

To date, more research is aimed to fabricate nanomaterials that support the treatment of wastewater containing harmful chemicals such as dyes and metal ions. Magnetic oxide nanomaterials are the potential candidates. In this study, Fe2O3/CTS was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The asproduct was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that Fe2O3 in Fe2O3/CTS was highly crystalline, formly distributed on chitosan polymer fibers and accounted for 49%. Fe2O3/CTS was investigated the organic dyes adsorbing ability including Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), Congo Red (CR) and Rhodamine B (RhB) at room temperature. When conducting experiments with 0.10 g of Fe2O3/CTS in 30 mL of MB, MO, CR and RhB solutions with a concentration of 10 mg/L, the adsorption efficiency and adsorption capacity were 41.6%; 12.1%; 99.6%; 38.7% and 1.3; 0.4; 2.9; 1.2 mg/g, respectively.

The main objectives of the research work were to screen of the phytochemical constituents and identify the compositions of essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L., which was collected in Thua Thien Hue province, by phytochemical analysis and using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the study showed that Ageratum conyzoides L. in Thua Thien Hue has diversity of chemical constituents, including: saponins, flavonoids, steroids…; and the main component in the essential oil of this species is β-sesquiphellandrene (17.48%).

In this paper, nanomaterials ZnxMn(1-x)Fe2O4 have been prepared by the hydrothermal process, applied in the degradation of basic fuchsin in the presence of H2O2 agent. Factors affecting basic fuchsin degradation over ZnxMn(1-x)Fe2O4 catalyst were investigated including material synthesis conditions, catalytic mass and temperature. The results indicated that the conditions for the synthesis of ZnxMn(1-x)Fe2O4 nanomaterials affect basic fuchsin degradation. The first order kinetic equation is suitable for describing this basic fuchsin degradation. The activation energy of the basic fuchsin degradation was determined to be 14.37 kJ/mol.

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the antibacterial activity of the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. B10. Morphological and biochemical characterization revealed that strain B10 is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium exhibiting positive catalase and oxidase activities. The 16S rRNA gene sequence (1484 bp) exhibited a G+C content of 55.5% and shared 99.5% similarity with Bacillus velezensis, belonging to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens group within the Bacillus subtilis complex. The antibacterial potential of the extracellular culture supernatant of strain B10, evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay, showed moderate inhibition against Vibrio alginolyticus (11.3 ± 0.4 mm), weak inhibition against Photobacterium damselae (3.9 ± 0.2 mm), and no inhibitory effect on Enterobacter hormaechei. These results indicate that strain B10 exhibits selective inhibitory activity against Vibrio alginolyticus, suggesting the production of specific antibacterial compounds, likely related to lipopeptides commonly synthesized by members of the genus Bacillus. The findings provide preliminary evidence for further investigation of the antibacterial mechanisms of strain B10 and its potential application in aquaculture.

Cinnamomum melastomaceum, a native species of the Lauraceae family, has been traditionally used in folk medicine, although scientific data remain limited. Various plant parts have been reported to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying activities, and are traditionally employed in the management of colds, musculoskeletal disorders, digestive and liver conditions, as well as dermatological ailments. This study evaluates the biochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of flower extracts of C. melastomaceum. The results show that the flowers possess low moisture content (21.17%) and extremely low protein levels (0.19 mg/g), while crude lipids (66.00 mg/g) and reducing sugars (27.67 mg/g) are present at notable levels, reflecting the secondary-metabolite-rich metabolic strategy typical of the genus Cinnamomum. The extract exhibited strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 102.49 µg/mL, along with a high vitamin C content (35.04 mg/100 g) and catalase activity of 0.08 U/mg. These characteristics indicate that the flowers of C. melastomaceum represent a potential natural source of antioxidant compounds with promising applications in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

This study was conducted to determine the optimal technical conditions for the asexual reproduction of Clerodendrum paniculatum by stem cuttings, contributing to the conservation and development of this medicinal plant resource. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (α-NAA) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm), cutting length (2–10 cm), cutting type (basal, middle, and apical cuttings), and growth media (100% soil; 50% soil : 50% sand; 100% sand) on rooting ability, sprouting rate, survival rate, and seedling growth after 12 weeks. The results showed that α-NAA treatment significantly improved rooting ability, survival rate, and seedling quality compared with the control. Among the tested concentrations, 100 ppm produced the best results, with 1.53 shoots per cutting, 5.01 leaves per shoot, and 6.25 roots per cutting. A cutting length of 8 cm (3–4 nodes) was the most suitable for propagation, producing vigorous seedlings with an average of 1.39 shoots per cutting, 4.54 leaves per shoot, and 5.01 roots per cutting. Among the three types of cuttings, basal cuttings exhibited the best growth performance, with 1.52 shoots per cutting, 5.05 leaves per shoot, and 15.25 roots per cutting. Regarding the growth medium, the mixture of 50% soil and 50% sand was the most suitable for seedling growth and development, with sprouting, rooting, and survival rates all exceeding 90% and superior shoot quality compared with the other media. These findings provide a technical basis for the large-scale propagation of C. paniculatum by stem cuttings, contributing to the sustainable utilization and development of this medicinal plant species.

This research employed the rbcL and trnH-psbA markers to assess the genetic diversity of Jasminum nervosum populations collected from four localities in central Vietnam: Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, and Quang Nam. PCR amplification of the rbcL gene yielded a product of approximately 620 bp, while the trnH-psbA gene produced a fragment of around 500-550 bp. Sequence alignment revealed high similarity among the samples, confirming that they belonged to the same species. However, nucleotide variations were observed at positions 75-102 of the trnH-psbA gene between samples from Da Nang and Quang Nam compared to those from Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri, suggesting the influence of geographic factors on genetic diversity. These variations might be attributed to genetic adaptations to different habitats or random genetic drift within populations. Genetic distances between our samples and those available on GenBank for the trnH-psbA gene ranged from 0.0157 to 0.0342, with the highest similarity (98.43%) to Jasminum nervosum (synonym: J. subtriplinerve). For the rbcL gene, genetic distances ranged from 0.0028 to 0.0099, and our samples showed the highest similarity (99.72%) to J. nervosum. Phylogenetic analysis using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA X revealed a close genetic relationship among the studied samples for both the trnH-psbA and rbcL genes. These results indicate a high level of genetic homogeneity and a close genetic relationship among samples from different localities, while also highlighting the impact of geographic factors on genetic diversity, suggesting potential genetic variations due to adaptations to different habitats or random genetic drift within populations.